Traditionally, the region of Old Delhi has been associated with seven cities, each leaving its mark on the landscape and history of the area. The first city, called Indraprastha, is mentioned in the ancient Indian story called the Mahabharata. This story was probably written down between 400 BCE and 300 CE, but it talks about events from even earlier times. According to the epic, Indraprastha was situated on a knoll along the banks of the Yamuna River. While some scholars, like art historian Catherine B. Asher, have drawn parallels between the topographical description in the Mahabharata and the area where Purana Qila, a 14th-century CE fort of the Delhi Sultanate, stands today, the analogy has its limits. The Mahabharata describes a splendidly adorned city with fortified surroundings, yet archaeological excavations at Purana Quila have uncovered findings primarily characteristic of the eleventh century BCE, with little evidence of a built environment or fortifications.
Mauryan Period (Old Delhi)
The architectural relics dating back to the Mauryan period (circa 300 BCE) provide further insights into Delhi’s ancient history. In 1966, an inscription belonging to Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire (273–235 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspuri, adding to the evidence of early settlement in the region. Delhi boasts remnants of several significant cities, the first of which emerged in the southern part of present-day Delhi. Lal Kot, built by Tomara Rajput King Anang Pal in 1052 CE, stands as a testament to this period. Anang Pal also constructed several temples within Lal Kot. However, the Chauhan Rajputs, led by Vigraharaja IV, seized Lal Kot in the mid-12th century and rechristened it Qila Rai Pithora, marking a transition in the city’s governance and identity.
Mauryan Period
Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain
In 1192, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain. After Ghori’s return to his capital, Qutb-ud-din Aibak was put in charge of governing the conquered Indian territories. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din took control of his Indian lands, founding the old Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He started building the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam mosque, India’s oldest surviving mosque. His successor, Iltutmish (1211–1236), further solidified the Turkic conquest of northern India. The Qutb Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi, reaching 72.5 meters (238 feet), was completed during Sultan Illtutmish’s reign in the 13th century. It shares design similarities with minarets in Central Asia. Razia, Iltutmish’s daughter, became Delhi’s Sultana after his death.
The Journey of Old Delhi
Old Delhi, the capital city of India, holds a rich tapestry of history, culture, and politics. From its inception to the present day, New Delhi has undergone significant transformations, reflecting the aspirations and challenges of a growing nation. This article delves into the journey of New Delhi, exploring its milestones, developments, and the socio-political landscape that defines it.
Inception and Establishment:
Old Delhi’s story begins with the decision to shift the capital of British India from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to a more strategically central location. In 1911, during the reign of King George V, the foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by Emperor George V and Queen Mary. The architectural vision for the new capital was entrusted to Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker, who designed iconic structures such as the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President’s House) and India Gate.
Old Delhi’s historical significance is deeply rooted in its past as the capital of two major empires, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, spanning from the early 13th century to the mid-19th century. This period saw the construction of architectural marvels like the Qutub Minar, Humayun’s Tomb, and the Red Fort, all recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city was also a cradle of Sufism and Qawwali music, with luminaries like Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau shaping its cultural landscape.
Pre-Independence Era:
The construction of Old Delhi faced numerous challenges, including financial constraints and World War I interruptions. Despite these hurdles, the city gradually took shape, symbolizing the aspirations for a modern, independent India. In 1931, New Delhi was officially inaugurated as the capital, marking a significant milestone in India’s journey towards self-governance.
In conclusion, old Delhi’s journey encapsulates the essence of India’s rich heritage, resilience, and aspirations. From its historical legacy to its modern-day achievements, Delhi continues to evolve, embracing the challenges of the present while preserving the spirit of its illustrious past.
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